How to Write a Research Proposal in Economics The Only Manual You Are Going to Need

How to Write a Research Proposal in Economics The Only Manual You Are Going to Need The majority of their time in university undergraduate students are limited to consuming the existing empirical research. However, eventually (usually during the senior year), most academic programs give them the task of producing their original work. Many students struggle with this transition, because until that moment they have been studying a different skillset than the one necessary for independent research. A research proposal performs the role of a gateway – it sums up the nature of proposed research, describes its context and details the existing knowledge on the subject. It is relatively short and does not take much time to write – therefore, students get the chance of analyzing the subject matter and their intended research before they commit to work on it. A research proposal prevents you from taking up an unpromising direction, because you will discover the associated difficulties early on, before you have time to get too deep into it. The fact that your res earch needs to be approved by a member of the college’s faculty means you will not waste time and resources. The standards and requirements for research proposals are not set in stone – there is a lot of variety depending on the discipline, school, year of study, program and personal preferences of your supervisor. What we describe in this article refers to the typical structure and guidelines for research proposals in Economics – your college may have different requirements, so make sure you study them carefully. Nevertheless, here you will find the general information you can easily extrapolate. Choosing a Topic for Your Economics Research Proposal – What You Should Know 1. Choose Something That Fascinates You Choosing the topic of your first real research project is a very important step. In Economics, it often determines the general direction of your entire future career. This means that you have to be careful to select something you will be comfortable working on not just for the duration of this project, but for years to come. Even within the confines of an individual project, after you have to redraft it for the nth time, you will feel less enthusiasm than when you began. It is worth having more excitement to begin with. 2. Study the Literature Choose a general direction you are interested in, and dive into all the literature on it you can find. It can take some time, but again, choosing a topic for a long-term research project isn’t something you should do in a hurry. Use academic databases and search engines, both multidisciplinary (Academic Search, BASE, CORE, etc.) end economics-focused (EconBiz, EconLit). Run searches using the keywords related to the general area of your area of interest, and you will find plenty of sources to work with. Study them for some time, and you will discover a gap in the knowledge or an understudied subject. Alternatively, many papers indicate subjects that require further research – check if somebody already did it, and if not, you can do it yourself. 3. Find Somebody to Bounce Your Ideas Off It may be your supervisor or another person knowledgeable in the Economics. Suggest topics to him/her for consideration and gauge the reaction. If you choose this person well, he/she will help you find an optimal direction for research without imposing his/her point of view on you: by asking questions, pointing out flaws in your reasoning or suggesting what literature you should read. 4. Take an Issue Arising from Your Previous Work If in your previous research work you stumbled on issues that looked promising and interesting but were too peripheral for the subject of your paper, now may be the time to look into them. For example, you have been studying the practices applied in the expansion of a particular business overseas, and encountered a culture-related difficulty this company had to deal with. You may want to return to it and study it on a deeper level. 5. Think on an Interdisciplinary Level Many supervisors like the idea of expanding the research beyond the boundaries of a specific discipline. Try to think about your area of interest in relation to other academic disciplines. For example, you study the influence of immigration on the development of small businesses. You can try studying this issue in conjunction with education (how to deal with the need of hiring employees who studied in a different educational system or didn’t get organized schooling at all), ecology (how to make sure businesses hiring immigrants comply with environmental regulations), sociology (the role of small businesses in providing upward social mobility among the immigrants), etc. Here are some examples of topics you can come up with this way: Social Responsibility among Businesses and Its Effect on Profitability among Tech Startups; The Influence of Climate Change on Real Estate Market in the United States; Positive and Negative Effects of Flexible Work Hours and Work Autonomy on Work/Family Balance among Employees; Comparing the Share of Women in the Tech Sector in India and the USA: Successful Strategies for Diversity; The Role of Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurs in Multi-Ethnic Neighborhoods in New York. Preparing a Research Proposal in Economics: General Principles Although the specific requirements to your research proposal can be significantly different and depend on many different factors, some principles remain the same, no matter which school you attend. 1. It Should Answer 3 Questions They are as follows: What you are going to research; Why you think this topic is worthy of research; How you propose to perform the research. 2. It Should Be Straightforward The goal of a proposal is to carry your message through. Therefore: Don’t embellish your text, write in a simple and matter-of-fact manner; Eliminate all unnecessary words and sentences; Don’t waste time leading up to the subject of your research. Get down to business right away. You may spend a couple of sentences delineating the context, but then state directly what you are going to research, e.g., â€Å"This study will examine the share of women coders in British tech startups†; Avoid ambiguities. Your goal is not to create a work of art, but to be understood. Don’t be afraid to use the same word multiple times if clarity calls for it. This means that if you are talking about an ethnic minority, keep calling the group this way throughout the text, don’t try to replace the term with â€Å"people of foreign descent† or something else. 3. It Should Be Carefully Organized The exact structure may differ, but you should include all the sections your college’s guidelines suggest, accompanied with the necessary headings and subheadings. 4. It Should Point out the Innovativeness of Research Your proposal should make it obvious which parts of what you say constitute the existing knowledge on the subject and the context of research and which are innovative. 5. It Should Follow the Guidelines Whatever recommendations you find in this guide or elsewhere on the Internet, your college’s guidelines trump them. Even such a basic requirement as the word limit can differ wildly depending on the course. Even within a single university, it may range from 300 to 2000 words. Writing a Research Proposal in Economics: A Typical Structure 1. Introduction It is the â€Å"Why?† part of your proposal. Begin with clearly stating the central issue or question your research project will try to answer. Alternatively, you can express the primary claim or idea you intend to prove. Explain why you have decided to research your subject and why you believe it to be important. Remember, however, that Economics is a practical and down-to-earth discipline. Try to avoid making your proposal fully descriptive – no matter how interesting and innovative your ideas are, you should try to look for practical implications and cause-and-effect explanations. If the subject of your proposal is not fully innovative and has been broadly covered in literature, point out what makes your research different from the existing works on the topic. Prove that you are doing something new, not just rehash the research carried out by others. You can optionally cover two other things in this section: Project feasibility. Any research has associated costs and expenses. Prove why you believe the potential outcome to be worthy of the resources spent on it. It isn’t usually an issue, but you have to mention it if you have a reason to believe it to become a problem; Project limitations. Try to maintain a reasonable balance between ambition and viability. 2. Current State of the Field This section puts your research into context. Give a short and to the point description of the existing body of knowledge on the subject. You may want to: Summarize what is known on the subject and what points most researchers agree upon; Mention what important issues have already been studied by the scholars on the subject; List the major points of contention between the experts on the subject. What schools of thought are dominant, why they disagree, what alternative viewpoints exist? Point out methodological problems associated with the subject; Provide criticism of the existing research or offer viable new venues of investigation; Define what is not yet known and how you intend to build upon the existing works in the field. 3. Project Description It is the â€Å"What?† part of the proposal. Suggest a theory answering or explaining the issue you have stated in the beginning. At this point, you do not have to provide a detailed proof of why you believe it to be true – remember, you write a research proposal, not describe the research you have already carried out. If you can find enough information in high-authority information sources to justify your idea, it will be enough. You will have plenty of time over the course of the project to modify or even change the original theory based on your findings. Also, establish the primary terminology you are going to use across your research. Try to stick to the terms commonly used in Economics and avoid ambiguity. 4. Research Design/Methodology It is the â€Å"How?† part of the proposal. Describe all the operations, tools and techniques (questionnaires, interviews, modeling, text analysis, etc.) you are going to use and explain why you believe them to be the best choice. List all the data and source material you intend to use and how you will gather and analyze them. Are there any practical considerations to consider (e.g., financial expenses, necessary resources, facilities, equipment)? Do you have the relevant skills and proficiencies to successfully use the methods you propose? 5. Conclusion Provide a short summary of everything you have said up to this point. Refer to the original question, repeat your proposed solution or claim, suggest what the result of your project will be and what impact it will have on the field of study, the Economic studies and related disciplines. 6. Bibliography Provide the list of all the information sources you intend to use as the context for your research with full citations. Try to make it comprehensive, including both recent and classic works on the subject. Also, don’t try to include all literature on the subject in general – if you discover new sources in the course of your research, you will be able to use them. Right now, your goal is to show that you are well-grounded in the existing research on the subject. Why Proposals Get Rejected: Check if Yours Falls under These Criteria Finally, you should analyze what you have written and be honest with yourself. Is it really the research you want to do? Is it good enough? Is it persuasive? Here are some of the most common reasons why research proposals get rejected, so that you can see if yours falls under these descriptions: The problem is insignificant. The issue you have chosen lacks importance, and the research is unlikely to produce new or useful results; Methods don’t correlate with the stated objective of the research; The researcher lacks sufficient expertise to do the research; The proposed approach is too vague and unclear to be properly evaluated; The researcher is not familiar with the relevant findings and research in the study field. We hope that having this guide at hand will greatly improve your chances of successfully preparing your research proposal and getting it accepted.

The Common App - New Questions for 2013

The Common App - New Questions for 2013 The Common Application keeps a-changing! This admissions season we have both a new word limit (650, increased from 500) and new question choices. Here are the questions you will be asked to choose from if you are applying to college this fall: Some students have a background or a story that is so central to their identity that they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story. Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what did you learn? Reflect on a time when you challenged a belief or idea. What prompted you to act? Would you make the same decision again? Describe a place or environment where you are perfectly content. What do you do or experience there, and why is it meaningful to you? Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal, that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community or family. As pointed out by the Huffington Post, these questions are designed for you to demonstrate what you would contribute to your college class. What is special about you? What character do you possess? What are your values? What’s important to you? Do these questions seem daunting? Said one of my clients, â€Å"These questions all seem so theoretical!† He did not know where to start. Allow me to make a suggestion: Consider that these questions are only theoretical if you don’t know what you want to say in your essay. Once you choose a topic, I’m willing to bet you can find a way to talk about it in response to one of the five Common App questions. There’s a trick for interview preparation where you write a list of things you want to talk about, and then use whatever questions the interviewer asks to say what you wanted to say. It’s an art to succeed in this method, as you do need to answer the question (you can’t answer a different one). Let’s look at an example as it applies to the Common App. Let’s say you want to talk about your love of music and what it’s like to perform. You could answer any one of the Common App essay questions and say what you want to say. Perhaps your musical abilities are central to who you are (#1). Perhaps you played a wrong note in a concert, or struggled in some other way as you learned (#2). Maybe your parents or teacher wanted one thing for you, and you wanted another (#3). Is the stage a place where you feel completely at peace? If so, maybe question #4 is for you. And certainly if music is important enough to you for an essay, you might have some accomplishment there that marked a transition to adulthood (#5). As you consider how your topic might apply to each question, you might learn something about yourself you didn’t know before! â€Å"OK,† you might be saying, â€Å"Now the questions seem less theoretical, but I’m still daunted: If I could write a great answer to every one of the questions, how do I possibly choose which one to answer?† I would suggest outlining a response to as many of the questions as you think you might want to answer; then evaluate which question allows you to express yourself most fully. In which answer do the most aspects of yourself get revealed? And, perhaps most important, which answer is most interesting to read? Important: The most interesting answer will not necessarily be the easiest to write. It might be less straightforward and take more thought and creativity- which is exactly what admissions committees are looking for! What if I don’t have a topic in mind? If you don’t have a topic you know you want to write about, try going through the questions one by one and having a conversation with someone (most likely someone other than your parents) about how you might answer each question. Brainstorm ideas and see what arises. Give it some time. Sleep on it. Have conversations with more than one person. You might discover a topic you didn’t know could become an essay! And of course, if you’re still stuck, it might be time to work with a professional essay coach. The Essay Expert would be happy to help!

How Can Motivation Reduce Employee Turnover in the Banking Sector Dissertation

How Can Motivation Reduce Employee Turnover in the Banking Sector - Dissertation Example For this purpose, the researcher identified the importance of motivation by analysing past literature and available information. This helped in understanding the fact that motivation often impacts in a positive way leading to better understanding and performances of employees. The researcher also conducted primary and secondary research that further helped in understanding the role and importance of motivation in controlling and managing employee turnover. The secondary research is based on the understanding of motivation theories that include reinforcement theory and its advantages and disadvantages in motivating employees, incentive theory and its impact in improving the performance and satisfaction level of employees, equity theory and its impact in enhancing the satisfaction, trust and loyalty level, goals setting theory and its impact in offering direction to employees along with guiding and motivating them and need hierarch theory based on understanding and fulfilling the needs and demands of employees in an effective and expected way. The researcher also conducted primary research that helped in collecting views and responses of five human resource managers through structured interviews. The analysis of primary and secondary research offered relevant findings revealing the fact that motivation helps in enhancing skills and performances of employees if used in a positive and honest manner. However, there was no information and confirmation on the direct relationship of motivation and employee turnover. Overall, it was assumed that motivation is just a tool in enhancing the skills and performance of employees that may reduce employee turnover to an extent depending on the strategies and actions implemented by... The intention of this study is motivation as a term that refers to a process that controls and manages human behaviour in a positive way. Motivation can be defined as a series of phenomenon affecting human behaviour based on psychological, cognitive and social factors. Motivation helps in creating positive energy and feeling that in turn helps in enhancing the overall mood and behaviour of individuals. In organsiations, employees need to be motivates at every stage in order to achieve the organsiational goals and objectives. Motivation has been defined under certain concepts that need to be mentioned and examined in terms of reducing employee turnover within organisations. Initially, the researcher believes that basic concepts of motivation like intrinsic and extrinsic need to be discussed and later other concepts like push and pull and self control will be discussed in detail. Intrinsic motivation refers to the motivation that is developed deep within by individuals. When individual s start taking interest in certain tasks along with enjoying them; they are automatically motivated. Intrinsic motivation does not require any push or strategy and is often felt by individuals. Intrinsic motivation is all about deriving pleasure from activities that help individuals to grow and develop rather than depending on extrinsic factors like rewards and strategies. It is all about engaging individuals in tasks that they enjoy rather than offering tasks that do not appeal much to them. In the context of the banking sector, there are a number of tasks and activities that need to be executed and managed by employees.

Daughter from danang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Daughter from danang - Essay Example The movie depicts how at every stage of her life, Heidi had to face untold miseries on account of circumstances related to of her birth, abandonment by the parents, and the cultural clashes to which she was exposed to. Her destiny was linked to the destinies of two nations. On being sent to America with the consent of her mother, primarily for safety considerations in Vietnam, she was adopted by a single mother, in a township of Pulaski, Tennessee. As she reached adulthood, her relationship with the adopted mother deteriorated and she began intense search for her own mother. She succeeded in her efforts, got a link to her whereabouts and came to know that she lived with her half-siblings. Heidi decides to visit her at the native homeland, notwithstanding the deep cultural differences. The plot of the movie is not smooth-sailing one, but full credits to the producer, they maintain a non-judgmental approach and it involves several questions for which satisfactory solutions are difficul t to find. Her birth mother has abandoned Heidi, and it is not expected of her to show love and sympathy for her.

The Whole Person Paradigm Essay Example for Free

The Whole Person Paradigm Essay The Whole Person Paradigm Knowing oneself is the first step for the improvement of one’s personality. For us do better, we must first accept the things we are better at and the things we are the least, in short, identify your potentials, harness it with your passion and overcome your weaknesses. Personally one of the best traits that I feel I have is the urge for learning new things and adopting what can be really used. I can say that I am good in speaking, planning, organizing which I can use more in the teaching profession. Most of my former teachers who are presently my co-teachers often say that I have most of the talents and skills far better to be an excellent educator but still have to work on my attitude. They say I’m the â€Å"jack of all trades† which means having to know most but haven’t perfected or mastered some. Most people are easy saying things they believed they are good at but failed to accept the things they lacked with, and the worse, afraid to face the weaknesses they had. Second strength that I gained through experience is converting weakness as my strength by means of facing and learning from them. I do now believed that I should revalue attitude sided by skills and not to tend to forget the first. Number one is to add my patience, perseverance and love of work to anything accepted and took an oath to do, my responsibilities and duty. As a teacher, a learner, an educator and as a researcher I can touch lives by setting as an example of my persistence, patience and the willingness to help others. At the moment I’m assessing myself, it took me couple of days where to start on how to describe my life and end up hearing a song which I think best describes my life in that moment. The Climb-Myley Cyrus I can almost see it- To widen your vision in life. That dream I’m dreaming of I had a chance to redefine what are my dreams and goals at time being. There’s a voice inside my head said You’ll never reach it- I had the courage to continue personal progress. Every step I’m taking Every move I’m make me with Lost with no direction- I had set my time table and set target. My faith is shaking- My faith grows more. But I got to keep trying. Got to keep my head hailed high-Confidence together with hard work inside me matures. There’s always gonna be another mountain Never to lose hope and faith in God I’m always gonna wanna make it move†¦ Keep on moving†¦- Never to stop learning and believing.

Mariam: A Legitimate End to a Life of Illegitimate Belongings Essay

â€Å"Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. You remember that, Mariam† (Hosseini 11). Mariam, a child born out of wedlock, grew up lacking the genuine love she yearned for. Despite everything, her mother told her, she believed that her father, Jalil, meant the best for her. That was until she made the shocking discovery on her own; he actually wanted to get rid of her. Pressured by his many wives, Jalil forces Mariam to marry an abusive shoemaker. As the last tear rolls down her cheek, she starts to understand the hardships that her mother went through. Emotionally neglected, they left her alone to live in a two-story house in Kabul; this becomes a life changing experience. On her journey through life, a quiet girl transforms into a potent female persona that eventually gives her life for a justifiable cause. Mariam overcomes the obstacles and hardships of her inferiority to the male gender through her courageousness an d endurance. To start off, Mariam plays a powerful role by enduring the countless strikes and lashes of her husband, Ras...

Diet Analysis Project Essay

1. How does your daily caloric intake stack up compared to what is recommended? Unfortunately, after completing my diet analysis, I found out that my daily caloric intake is 1,5 times higher than it is recommended. According to the USDA website my caloric intake should be 1880 per day, by in reality it is 2972 (about 3000 per day). Now I understand why I started to gain weight, even though I don’t eat much or often. 2. What nutrients do you consume the most? Does this pattern reflect a healthy diet? Compare your results to dietary recommendations provided on the website. After reviewing my nutrient intakes, I discovered that I consume too much carbohydrates, cholesterol and sodium. While acceptable range of carbohydrates is 130, I consume about 300 per day. Similarly, instead of recommended

How Urban Legends Work

A Summary of â€Å"How Urban Legends Work† Have you ever heard of the urban legend â€Å"Bloody Mary†, where you stand in the bathroom with the lights off and the room completely dark and chant â€Å"Bloody Mary† 13 times in the mirror a woman will appear and kill you. In the article of â€Å"How Urban Legends Work† by Tom Harris, Mr. Harris gives us various examples of different urban legends. Exactly what is an Urban Legend? Urban legends are popular stories that are alleged to be true and are passed from person to person by word of mouth or written communication. In the article â€Å"How Does Urban Legends work† by Tom Harris, he states that an urban legend is any modern, fictional story, told as truth that reaches a wide audience by being passed from person to person. Are urban legends true or false? Tom Harris stated in his article that most urban legends are not real. In the article Tom Harris gives us examples of different urban legends that have no moral relation to them but they are told and written for amusement. Urban legends are believed by a lot of people only because they don’t take the time to look into things themselves. What makes them so real? Tom Harris stated in his article that some details in an urban legend can really make them seem real and make you believe them. Urban legends have been around for decades but within the last 10 years they have taken the internet by storm. I receive forwards daily from different people that have my email address and some of them always say to forward them on. I never forward because either it’s an urban legend or a chain letter. If I not sure about it I always go back and do the research on it myself. Urban legends come in different forms it’s simply up to you to decide whether they are real or fake. Telling urban legends are just like playing the game telephone, the more you pass it on the story is going to get twisted up somewhere. A few things will be added and some will be taken away from the story. It’s up to you to dissect the story and research it for yourself.

Vivid Language Paints a Picture

Vivid Language Paints a Picture Vivid Language Paints a Picture Vivid Language Paints a Picture By Mary What does it mean to use vivid language in your writing? Language that is vivid paints a picture for your readers, so that they can clearly envision what you are talking about. Vivid language is very important to descriptive writing. Let’s look at the sentence: I took a trip to the mountains. Does this paint a picture for your reader? Assuming that the reader has ever seen a mountain, the reader is able to somewhat visualize what you meant. However, the picture the reader has may be very different from what you actually mean. After all, there are many different types of mountains. Is this better? My last trip was to the quaint mountain village of Helen, Georgia located in the foothills of the evergreen Appalachian mountain range. Does this paint a more clear picture for the reader? How about this? I visited the snow-capped peaks of the Canadian Rocky mountains, where I stayed at a skiing resort. Does this paint a clear picture? Is it different from the image evoked from the first example? There are many different types of mountains. Just saying that you took a trip to the mountains is not sufficient to paint a clear picture of your experience to the reader. Vivid language consists of the descriptive adjectives that bring your experience to life for the reader. Look at what you have written and see if the words are sufficient to put your reader in the moment with you, as if he or she could see what you saw during your experience. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowOne "L" or Two?

Classroom Jobs for Elementary Students

Classroom Jobs for Elementary Students The primary purpose for classroom jobs is to teach children a little bit of responsibility. Children as young as five can learn how to clean out their desk, wash the chalkboard, feed the class pet, and so on. It also sets the tone for the new school year by keeping your classroom running smoothly, not to mention give you a break from doing all of the chores yourself. In addition, combined with an official Classroom Job Application, this list of possible jobs will help you design a classroom job program that teaches your young students how to be responsible for themselves.   40 Ideas for Classroom Jobs Pencil Sharpener - makes sure the class always has a supply of sharpened pencils.Paper Monitor - passes papers back to students.Chair Stacker - in charge of stacking the chairs at the end of the day.Door Monitor - opens and closes the door as the class comes and goes.Chalkboard/Overhead Eraser - erases at end of the day.Librarian - in charge of the class library.Energy Monitor - makes sure to turn off the light when class leaves the room.Line Monitor - leads the line and keeps it quiet in the halls.Table Captain - may be more than one student.Plant Technician- waters plants.Desk Inspector - catches dirty desks.Animal Trainer - takes care of any classroom pets.Teacher Assistant - helps the teacher at any time.Attendance Person - takes the attendance folder to the office.Homework Monitor - tells students who were absent what homework they missed.Bulletin Board Coordinator - more than one student who plans and decorates one bulletin board in the classroom.Calendar Helper - helps the tea cher do the morning calendar. Trash Monitor - picks up any trash they see on or around the classroom.Pledge/Flag Helper - is the leader for the Pledge of Allegiance in the morning.Lunch Count Helper - counts and keeps track of how many students are buying lunch.Center Monitor - helps students get to centers and makes sure all materials in place.Cubby/Closet Monitor - makes sure that all students belongings are in place.Book Bin Helper - keep track of the books that students read during class time.Errand Runner - runs any errands the teacher needs done.Recess Helper - carries any supplies or materials needed for recess.Media Helper - gets any classroom technology ready for use.Hall Monitor - goes into the hallway first or opens the door for guests.Weather Reporter  - helps the teacher with the weather in the morning.Sink Monitor - stands by the sink and makes sure students wash their hands properly.Homework Helper - collects students homework each morning from the basket.Duster - dusts the desk, walls, counterto ps, etc. Sweeper - sweeps up the floor at the end of the day.Supplies Manager - takes care of the classroom supplies.Backpack Patrol - makes sure everyone has everything in their backpack each day.Paper Manager - takes care of all of the classroom papers.Tree Hugger  - makes sure that all materials are in the recycle bin that need to be.Scrap Patrol - looks around the classroom each day for scraps.Telephone Operator - answers the classroom phone when it rings.Plant Monitor - water the classroom plants.Mail Monitor - picks up the teachers mail from the office each day. Edited By: Janelle Cox

Operations and Quality Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operations and Quality Management - Assignment Example Visibility: It is perhaps not very necessary for the kitchen and preparation areas of the restaurant to be highly visible to the customers. Medium visibility would be an ideal option in this case. However, since the entire kitchen is "on display" to the customers, there is a high degree of visibility. Variation: There will be a fairly high variation in demand for the dishes at the restaurant. Thus, Yo! Sushi will have to establish corresponding operations to match the variations in demand. There should be a constant check on the demand and other factors should be adjusted accordingly. Yo! Sushi's operations signify that is has a "service shop" process type for the food production based on customer demand. Keeping into view the 4V Profile of the restaurant, this process type complements the profile more than contradicting it. The only setback is that there are a moderate number of transactions and thus the applicability of the service shop process type would be slightly off the mark. However, the other characteristics conform to the 4V profile and complement it. The combination of a cell layout, product and functional layout strategy at Yo! Sushi's makes it very efficient and resilient for change. It is quite optimized and there are few, if any, chances for a change that would make it more effective. For one, the cell layout strategy means that there are tables categorized into cells for each group of 4-6 people that the conveyor belt also caters to. Secondly the product-layout strategy is due to the fact that there is a conveyor belt mounted to the central zone of the restaurant running across it catering to the customers. There is a combination of an assembly line and a fixed-cell layout buffering concept in the kitchen and dining areas making the design suitable for flexible operations. The functional layout is overlapping the cell and product layouts and thus the existing layout of Yo! Sushi is quite comprehensively designed and is in no need of change for the better. The existing technology to process menus and automated handling of demand is a first-class example of how the layout is effective and that there are no changes needed at the moment. The job design is greatly affected by the 4V profile and the aspects of the layout implemented at Yo! Sushi. The fact that there is a great deal of emphasis on quality and flexibility, there is a corresponding effect on the job design: the menu attendants are expected to be flexible and carry out tasks beyond a specific well-defined horizon. They are expected to be aware of the processes in and out of the kitchen in order to make up for any absentees or to complement the short-comings of a particular process or person. The health and safety implications also